Regina (IPA: /rɛˈdʒaɪnə/) is the capital of Saskatchewan, Canada, making it the seat of the provincial Crown. The city is the second largest in the province (after Saskatoon), and is a cultural and commercial metropole for both southern Saskatchewan and adjacent areas in the neighbouring American states of North Dakota and Montana. It attracts visitors for the vitality of its commerce, theatre, concerts and restaurants and to its summer agricultural exhibition (originally established in 1884 as the Assiniboia Agricultural Association and since the mid-1960s styled "Buffalo Days"[Ipsco Place website, "History." Retrieved 11 December 2006.]). It is governed by Regina City Council. Regina is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina website. Retrieved 11 December 2007] and Romanian Orthodox[Directory of Saskatchewan Churches Retrieved 11 December 2007.] Dioceses of Regina and the Anglican Diocese of Qu\'Appelle.[Anglican Diocese of Qu\'Appelle website. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] Citizens of Regina are referred to as Reginans.
Regina was previously the headquarters of the North-West Territories, of which today\'s provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part. Regina was the headquarters of the District of Assiniboia. Regina was named in 1882 after Queen Victoria, i.e. Victoria Regina, by her daughter Princess Louise, wife of the then-Governor General the Marquess of Lorne.[Daria Coneghan, "Regina," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.]
Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West, on its treeless flat plain Regina was a tabula rasa, without topographical features other than the small spring run-off Wascana Creek. Early planners took advantage of such opportunity by damming the creek and creating a decorative lake to the south of the central business district; Regina\'s importance was secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906.[Coneghan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] Wascana Centre, created around the artificial focal point of Wascana Lake, remains Regina\'s signal attraction and contains the Provincial Legislative Building, both campuses of the University of Regina, the provincial museum of natural history, the Regina Conservatory (in the original Regina College buildings), the Saskatchewan Science Centre,[Saskatchewan Science Centre website] the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery and the Saskatchewan Centre of the Arts.
Residential neighbourhoods in Regina are largely indistinguishable from those in other western Canadian cities but several precincts beyond the historic city centre are historically or socially noteworthy. Immediately to the north of the central business district is the old warehouse district, increasingly the focus of shopping and residential development;[Regina\'s Old Warehouse District. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] as in other western cities of North America, the periphery contains shopping malls and big box stores. Generally a prosperous and tranquil city, its long-problematic north-central sector and the difficult Scott Collegiate have in recent years become the focus of national attention for their poverty, drug abuse and prostitution.[Gatehouse, Jonathon. "Canada\'s worst neighbourhood", Maclean\'s, 2007-01-08. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. (English) ] Regina is notable for its aboriginal and Métis population, the seventh largest in any Canadian urban centre[According to the 2001 Canadian Census "Regina had an Aboriginal-identity population of 15,685 (8.3% of the total city population), of which 9,200 were First Nations, 5,990 Métis, and 495 other Aboriginal": Alan Anderson, "Urban Aboriginal Population," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] (Regina is Canada\'s 18th-largest metropolitan area by population[See List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada.]), the original North-West Territories Government House and the original North-West Territorial government buildings. In 1912, Regina was a focus of international attention when the Regina Cyclone destroyed much of the town;[Dagmar Skamlová, "Regina Cyclone," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] in the 1930s, the Regina Riot brought further attention and, in the midst of the 1930s drought and Great Depression, which hit the Canadian Prairies particularly hard with their economic focus on dryland grain farming,[Steven J. Shirtliffe, "Agronomy," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] the CCF (now the NDP, an important left-wing political party in all provinces west of Quebec), formulated its foundation Regina Manifesto in Regina.["The Regina Manifesto (1933) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Programme, Adopted by the founding convention in Regina, Saskatchewan, July, 1933." Socialist History Project. South Branch Publishing. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] In recent years, Saskatchewan\'s resources have come into new demand, and it is anticipated that it will enter into new period of strong economic growth.["Saskatchewan Poised for Strong Economic Growth Says RBC Economics," Royal Bank of Canada Financial Group, 30 March 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.]
History
Main article: History of Regina
- See also: History of Northwest Territories capital cities
The eponymous Pile of Bones
[Coneghan.]Regina was established in 1882 when it became clear that
Edgar Dewdney, the lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, eschewed the previously established and considered
Battleford,
Troy and
Fort Qu\'Appelle (the latter two both some 30 miles to the east), as the territorial headquarters: these were widely considered more amiable locations for what was anticipated would be a far more major metropole for the Canadian plains than actually eventuated, situated as they were in amply watered and treed rolling parklands whereas "Pile-of-Bones," as the site was then called,
[Daria Coneghan, "Regina," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 17 December 2007.] was in the midst of arid and featureless grassland.
Lieutenant-Governor Edgar Dewdney had acquired land adjacent to the route of the future CPR line at Pile-of-Bones, which was distinguished only by collections of bison bones near a small spring run-off creek, some few kilometres downstream from its origin in the midst of what are now wheat fields. There was an "obvious conflict of interest" in Dewdney\'s promoting the site of Pile-of-Bones as the territorial headquarters[After his term as Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories, Dewdney was again elected to Parliament and served as the member for Assiniboia East (now southeastern Saskatchewan) from 1888 to 1891. During this period he also served as minister of the Interior and superintendent of Indian Affairs. In 1892 he was appointed to the now non-executive post of Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. He served in this post until 1897. He retired from politics in 1900 after unsuccessfully running for Parliament in New Westminster, British Columbia.]and it was a national scandal at the time,[Pierre Berton, The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881-1885 (Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1973), 120)] but until 1897, when responsible government was accomplished in the Territories,[David J. Hall, "North-West Territories," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 November 2007.] the lieutenant-governor and council governed by fiat and there was little legitimate means of challenging such decisions outside the federal capital of Ottawa, where the Territories were remote and of little concern. Commercial considerations prevailed, however, and the town\'s authentic development began as a collection of wooden shanties and tent shacks clustered around
the site designated by the CPR for its future station, and not two miles to the east where Dewdney had reserved substantial landholdings for himself and where he sited Government House.[Berton, op. cit., pp.121-23)]
Donald C. McDougall and his shack (1882), the first house in Regina, now cnr Arcola Ave and Prince of Wales Drive, 1883.
[City of Regina Archives 2004 Photo/Biography of the Month Gallery. Retrieved 5 June 2007.]Regina attained national prominence in 1885 during the
North-West Rebellion when troops were mostly able to be transported by train on the CPR from eastern Canada as far as Qu\'Appelle Station,
[Berton, 379. Qu\'Appelle had been founded as Troy in 1882, was renamed Qu\'Appelle Station in 1884 when the CPR arrived, again renamed South Qu\'Appelle in 1902 and as Qu\'Appelle 1911. See Qu\'Appelle, Saskatchewan and David McLennon, "Qu\'Appelle, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 13 July 2007.] before marching to the battlefield in the further Northwest — Qu\'Appelle having been the major debarkation and distribution centre until 1890 when the construction of the Qu’Appelle, Long Lake, and Saskatchewan Railway linked Regina with Saskatoon and Prince Albert.
[McLennon, "Qu\'Appelle, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 13 July 2007.] Subsequently, the rebellion\'s leader,
Louis Riel, was tried and hanged in Regina — giving the infant community increased and not unwelcome national attention in connection with a figure who was generally at the time considered an unalloyed villain in anglophone Canada.
[Maggie Siggins, Riel: A Life of Revolution (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1994), 447.]
Corner of South Railway Street (later renamed Saskatchewan Drive) and Scarth Street looking south, circa 1915. Note old Post Office at Scarth Street and 11th Avenue on left.Regina was incorporated as a city on
June 19,
1903 and was proclaimed the capital of the province of Saskatchewan on
May 23,
1906 by the first provincial government, led by
Premier Walter Scott; the monumental
Saskatchewan Legislative Building was built between 1908 and 1912. On
June 30 1912, a tornado known as the
Regina Cyclone hit the community, levelling much of the young city\'s business district, killing 28 people and injuring hundreds, making it Canada\'s deadliest tornado.
Regina\'s early history is remembered for its rapid growth which continued until the Great Depression began in 1929, at which point Saskatchewan had been the third province of Canada[Kevin Avram, "A tale of two provinces," Farmers for economic freedom: Updates from the Prairie Centre/Centre for Prairie Agriculture in Regina, Saskatchewan. 21 May 2001. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] in both population and economic indicators. Thereafter, Saskatchewan never recovered its early promise and Regina\'s growth slowed and at times reversed, although a recent resources boom promises to rekindle development. From the 1930s onward, Regina became a centre of considerable political activism and experiment as its people sought to adjust to new, reduced economic realities.
Main article: Regina neighbourhoods
New Regina City Hall (1976)As in other Canadian cities, the disappearance of the
Simpson\'s and
Eaton\'s retail department stores in the central business district
[latterly deemed "Market Square," and not to be confused with the historic Market Square, the site of the Regina Riot on what is now the location of the Regina City Police Station). Bill Waiser, "On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] as well as the proliferation of shopping malls beginning in the 1960s and "
big box stores" in the \'90s on the periphery, together with a corresponding drift of entertainment venues (and all former downtown cinemas) to the city outskirts, have depleted the city centre. The former
Hudson\'s Bay Company department store (previously the site of the Regina Theatre) has been converted into offices;
Globe Theatre, located in the old Post Office building at 11th Avenue and Scarth Street,
Casino Regina and its show lounge in the old CPR train station, the
Cornwall Centre and downtown restaurants now draw people downtown although mooted development of large retail commercial and residential subdivisions in the southwest near the airport will inevitably further compromise efforts to revitalize the central business district.
The old "gingerbread" 1908 City Hall on 11th Avenue between Rose and Scarth Streets; Medical Arts Building in the background.
Main article: Regina\'s historic buildings and precincts
Many buildings of significance and value were lost during the period from 1945 through approximately 1970: Knox United Church was demolished in 1951; the
Romanesque Revival city hall in 1964 (the failed shopping mall which replaced it is now office space for the
Government of Canada[Public Works and Government Services Canada, "Revitalizing Downtown Regina" (Fall 2002).]) and the 1894
Supreme Court of the North-West Territories building at Hamilton Street and Victoria Avenue in 1965. More recently old buildings have been put to new uses, including the old Normal School on the Regina College campus of the University of Regina (now the
Canada-Saskatchewan Soundstage) and the
Old Post Office on the Scarth Street Mall.
The Warehouse District, immediately adjacent to the central business district to the north of the CPR line, has become a desirable commercial and residential precinct as historic warehouses have been converted to retail and residential use.
[Regina\'s Old Warehouse District: History Retrieved 11 July 2007.]
Government House, ReginaThe long-imperilled Government House was saved in 1981 after decades of neglect and returned to viceregal use,
[ Michael Jackson, "Government House," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] the former Anglican diocesan property at Broad Street and College Avenue is being redeveloped with strict covenants to maintain the integrity of the diocesan buildings and St Chad\'s School
[Trevor Powell, "Anglican Church of Canada," in Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 18 October 2007.] and the former Sacred Heart Academy building
[Recalled though not explicitly named by Erika Ritter in her humorous memoir Ritter in Residence.] immediately adjacent to the
Roman Catholic Cathedral has been converted to tony townhouses.
Events of national political importance which occurred in Regina include
- the trial of Louis Riel (followed by Riel\'s execution) in July 1885;
- the adoption in 1933 by the new CCF (now the NDP) of the Regina Manifesto, which set out the new party\'s goals
[J.T. Morley, "Co-operative Commonwealth Federation," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 November 2007.];
- the Regina Riot on 1 July 1935
[Victor Howard, "On to Ottawa Trek, The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 November 2007.];
- the 1944 election of the CCF under T.C. Douglas, the first social democratic government in North America
["Saskatchewan," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 December 2007.] and a pioneer of numerous social programs – notably of course Medicare[Dan de Vlieger, "Political History of Saskatchewan," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 18 December 2007.] – which were later adopted in other provinces and nationally; and
- the Saskatchewan Doctors\' Strike in 1962 when medical doctors withheld their services in response to the introduction of Medicare with the enactment of the Medical Care Insurance Act, 1961 (Sask.)
[Jean Larmour, "Saskatchewan Doctors\' Strike," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 November 2007.]
Geography and climate
Downtown Regina in winter: Victoria Avenue looking east; Avord Tower (on the site of the original
Supreme Court of Saskatchewan, previously the Supreme Court of the North-West Territories, building) on the left; Saskatchewan Power Building on the rightRegina has a
semi-arid continental climate (
Koppen climate classification BSk) with warm, somewhat moist summers and cold, dry winters. Annual precipitation is 390 mm (17 inches), and is heaviest from June through August with June being the wettest month at 75 millimetres. The average daily temperature for the year is 2.8°
C (37°
F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was -50.0 °C (-58 °F) on
January 1,
1885 while the highest recorded temperature was 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on
July 5,
1937.
[Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals: Regina, Saskatchewan. Retrieved 17 July 2007.]
East Regina NeighbourhoodThe city is situated on a broad, flat, treeless plain. There is an abundance of parks and greenspaces: all of its trees — some 300,000
[Coneghan.] — shrubs and other plants were hand-planted and Regina\'s considerable beauty is entirely man-made.
["Regina," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.] As in other prairie cities,
American elms were planted in front yards in residential neighbourhoods and on boulevards along major traffic arteries and are the dominant species in the urban forest. The streetscape is now endangered by
Dutch elm disease, which has spread through North America from the eastern seaboard and has now reached the Canadian prairies; for the time being it is controlled by intense pest management programs and species not susceptible to the disease are being planted; the disease has the potential to wipe out Regina\'s entire elm population.
[CBC "Saskatchewan Story" article on Regina\'s trees] [[1]]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Regina
Ethnic configuration of Regina according to the 2001 census
According to the Canada 2006 Census:
| • Population: | 179,246 (+0.6% from 2001)
|
| • Land area: | 118.87 km² (45.90 sq mi)
|
| • Population density: | 1,507.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,905 /sq mi)
|
| • National population rank (Out of 5,008): | Ranked 24
|
| • Median age: | 35.8 (males: 34.4, females: 36.9)
|
| • Total private dwellings: | 78,692
|
| • Dwellings occupied by permanent residents: | 74,803
|
| • Mean household income:↑ | $57,500
|
References:
Footnotes:
↑ The data has not yet been released and is based on 2001 Census.
[Population of census metropolitan areas (2001 Census boundaries), Statistics Canada. 2006. Released 4 April 2006. Last modified: 2006-06-12]
The Canada 2006 Census indicates Regina\'s ethnic configuration to be, in order of size: (1) German, (2) English, (3) Scottish, (4) Irish, (5) Ukrainian, (6) French, (7) Aboriginal, (8) Polish and (9) Norwegian, with a significant Asian and South Asian component as well, although actually the third largest constituency was, by numbers of respondents, undifferentiated "Canadian," indicating perhaps mixed ethnic background (though other explanations of this identification present themselves) and confirming the perception that Reginans in large number, like other western Canadians, do not particularly distinguish among themselves as to ethnicity.
Religious affiliation in Regina according to the 2006 censusThere are considerable difficulties with the ethnic configuration of Regina suggested by the 2001 Census. German is, apparently, by far the largest ethnic constituency but that contemplates separating persons of British Isles antecedents into English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Manx, Cornish and other British Isles ancestries. The identification of undifferentiated "Canadian" is unexplained and "American" is anomalously offered as an ethnicity. The designation "East Indian" excludes Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and other South Asians. In absolute numbers of Aboriginal population, Regina ranks seventh among Census Metropolitan Areas in Canada with an "Aboriginal-identity population of 15,685 (8.3% of the total city population), of which 9,200 were First Nations, 5,990 Métis, and 495 other Aboriginal."
[Alan Anderson, "Urban Aboriginal Population," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 17 December 2007.]
The 2006 Census indicates that religious affiliation is of reduced significance among Reginans, with fully 19.0% of Reginans identifying as having no religion; Protestant at 41.5%; Roman Catholic, 32.3%; Eastern Orthodox, 1.8%; other Christian (including Oriental Orthodox), 2.9% and other religion (including Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist), 2.5%.[Ibid.] A more useful demonstration of religious realities would be to set out the decline in numbers of Christian parishes in recent years, especially among the historically predominant Protestant denominations of the United Church of Canada, Anglican Church of Canada and Presbyterian Church in Canada, as amply demonstrated by historic Saturday church advertisements in the Leader-Post.
Economy
Main article: Regina industry and resources
General Motors Factory, Regina, 1928Oil and natural gas, potash,
[Saskatchewan "has an estimated 75% of the world’s potash reserves": Peter Phillips, "Economy of Saskatchewan," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 1 December 2007.] kaolin, sodium sulphite and bentonite contribute a great part of Regina and area\'s economy. The completion of the
train link between eastern Canada and the then-
District of Assiniboia in 1885, the development of the high-yielding and early-maturing Marquis strain of wheat and the opening of new grain markets in the United Kingdom established the first impetus for economic development and substantial population settlement.
[Peter Phillips, "Economy of Saskatchewan," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 1 December 2007.] The farm and agricultural component is still a significant part of the economy — the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, "the world\'s largest grain-handling co-operative" has its headquarters in Regina
["Regina: Economy and Labour Force," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 July 2007] — but it is no longer the major driver; provincially it has slipped to eighth overall, well behind the natural resources sectors. Modern transport has obviated the development of a significant manufacturing sector: the
General Motors assembly plant north on Winnipeg Street, built in 1927 — when Saskatchewan\'s agricultural economy was booming and briefly made it the third province of Canada after
Ontario and
Quebec in both population (at just under one million people, roughly the same population as today
[Peter Phillips, "Economy of Saskatchewan," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 1 December 2007.]) and GDP — ceased production during the
depression of the 1930s. It was resumed by the federal crown during World War II and housed Regina Wartime Industries Ltd., where 1,000 people were engaged in armaments manufacture.
[Lauren Black, "Regina Wartime Industries Ltd.," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 19 November 2007.] It was not returned to private automotive manufacture after the war and became derelict. IPSCO Inc., a leading world producer steel of plate and pipe and as of July 2007 a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Swedish steel company SSAB, began in Regina in 1956 as Prairie Pipe Manufacturing Company Ltd; while the bulk of its assets and customers are now in USA and it has its operational headquarters in
Chicago, Illinois, it retains its registered office and substantial manufacturing facilities in Regina.
[IPSCO: A Division of SSAB website. Retrieved 25 November 2007.] Crown Life, a significant Canadian and international insurance company, transferred its national head office from Toronto to Regina in 1996 but was acquired by Canada Life in 1998 and the corporate head office returned to Toronto, though with assurances that the company would retain a strong presence in Regina.
[Canada Life website, "Canada Life in Agreement with Crown Life; Strong Presence in Regina to Continue, Regina - May 26, 1998. Retrieved 25 November 2007.] The provincial government continues to be a major driver in the civic economy, though its relative importance is declining.
["Regina: Economy and Labour Force," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 July 2007] The
Regina Research Park immediately adjacent to the University campus hosts several science and technology companies which conduct research activities in conjunction with University departments.
Culture
Main article: Culture in Regina
Royal Saskatchewan Museum
Regina has a rich cultural life in music, theatre and dance, amply supported by the substantial fine arts constituency at the University of Regina, which has faculties of music, theatre and plastic arts. At various times this has attracted notable artistic talent: the Regina Five were artists at Regina College (the University\'s predecessor) who gained national fame in the 1950s; Donald M. Kendrick, Bob Boyer and Joe Fafard, now with significant international reputations, have been other stars. The Regina Conservatory of Music operates in the former girls\' residence wing of the Regina College building. Annual festivals in and near Regina through the year include the Cathedral Village Arts Festival; the Craven Country Jamboree[Craven Country Jamboree website. Retrieved 20 December 2007.]; the Regina Folk Festival[Regina Folk Festival website. Retrieved 20 December 2007.]; the Regina Dragon Boat Festival[Regina Dragon Boat Festival Homepage. Retrieved 20 December 2007.]; and Mosaic, mounted by the Regina Multicultural Council,[Regina Multicultural Council homepage. Retrieved 20 December 2007.] which earned Heritage Canada’s designation of 2004 "Cultural Capital of Canada" (in the over 125,000 population category).[Regina Multicultural Council: Mosaic. Retrieved 17 July 2007.] As in other cities and towns across Canada the annual Kiwanis Music Festival affords rising musical talents the opportunity to achieve nation-wide recognition.
The Conexus Arts CentreRegina lacked a large concert and live theatre venue for many years after the loss to fire of the Regina Theatre in 1938 and the demolition of the 1906 City Hall in 1964 at a time when preservation of heritage architecture was not yet a fashionable issue, though until the demolition of downtown cinemas which doubled as live theatres the lack was not urgent, and Darke Hall on the Regina College campus of the university provided a small concert and stage venue. (See
Regina\'s historic buildings and precincts.) The default was remedied in 1970 with the construction of the
Saskatchewan Centre of the Arts (now the Conexus Arts Centre) as a Canadian Centennial project, a theatre and concert hall complex overlooking Wascana Lake which is one of the most acoustically perfect concert venues in North America
[[http://[www.conexusartscentre.ca/ Conexus Arts Centre website.] Retrieved 17 July 2007.]; it is home to the Regina Symphony Orchestra (Canada\'s oldest continuously performing orchestra
[Kathleen Wall, "Regina Symphony Orchestra," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 17 December 2007.]), Opera Saskatchewan and New Dance Horizons, a contemporary dance company.
[Encyclopedia of Canada. "Regina: Cultural Life." Retrieved 17 July 2007.] The
Royal Saskatchewan Museum (the present 1955 structure a Saskatchewan Golden Jubilee project
[Iain Stewart, "Royal Saskatchewan Museum," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 17 December 2007.]) dates from 1906.
[Stewart.] The
old Post Office at Scarth Street and 11th Avenue, temporarily used as a city hall after the demolition of the 1906 City Hall, is now home to the
Globe Theatre, founded in 1966 as "Saskatchewan\'s first professional theatre since 1927."
[Mary Blackstone, "Globe Theatre," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 17 December 2007.] Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral[Thomas Chase, "Casavant, Opus 1409, 1930/1993. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] and Knox-Metropolitan United Church have particularly impressive
Casavant Frères pipe organs, maintain substantial musical establishments and are frequently the venues for choral concerts and organ recitals.
The Regina Public Library is a city-wide library system with nine branches playing key roles in their respective neighbourhoods. Its facilities include the RPL Film theatre, the Dunlop Art Gallery, special literacy services and a prairie history collection.[Regina Public Library website] The Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery in Wascana Centre and the Dunlop Art Gallery have permanent collections and sponsor travelling exhibitions.[J. William Brennan, "Regina," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 November 2007.]
Parks and outdoor attractions
Regina has a substantial proportion of its overall area dedicated as parks and greenspaces, with biking paths, cross-country ski-ing venues and other recreational facilities throughout the city; Wascana Lake, the venue for summer boating activities, is regularly cleared of snow in winter for skating and there are toboggan runs both in Wascana Centre and downstream on the banks of Wascana Creek. Victoria Park is in the central business district and numerous greenspaces throughout the residential subdivisions and newer subdivisions in the north and west of the city contain large ornamental ponds to add interest to parks such as Rochdale, Lakewood, Lakeridge, Spruce Meadows and Windsor Parks; older school playing fields throughout the city have also been converted into landscaped parks.[See city map at Google Maps. Retrieved 12 December 2007.]
The City operates five municipal golf courses, including two in King\'s Park northeast of the city. Kings Park Recreation facility is also home to ball diamonds, picnic grounds, and stock car racing. Within half an hour\'s drive are the summer cottage and camping country and winter ski resorts in the Qu\'Appelle Valley with Last Mountain and Buffalo Pound Lakes and the four Fishing Lakes of Pasqua, Echo, Mission and Katepwa; slightly farther east are Round and Crooked Lakes, also in the Qu\'Appelle Valley, and to the southeast the Kenosee Lake cottage country.
Main article: Wascana Centre
Wascana Lake with downtown Regina
Wascana Centre is a 9.3 square kilometre (2,300 acre) park built around Wascana Lake and designed in 1961 by Minoru Yamasaki — the Seattle-born architect best known as the designer of the original World Trade Center in New York — in tandem with his starkly modernist design for the new Regina Campus of the University of Saskatchewan.[Fletcher, Tom. "The Work of Minoru Yamasaki," New York Architecture Images and Notes. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] Wascana Lake was created as a "stock watering hole" — for the CPR\'s rolling stock, that is — in 1883 when a dam and bridge were constructed 1½ blocks to the west of the present Albert Street Bridge. A new dam and bridge were built in 1908, and Wascana Lake was used as a domestic water source, to cool the city’s power plant and, in due course, for the new provincial legislative building.[Riddell, W. A. The Origin and Development of Wascana Centre. Regina, 1962.]
Spruce Island
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By the 1920s with the Boggy Creek source of domestic water Wascana Lake had ceased to have a utilitarian purpose and had become primarily a recreational facility, with bathing and boating its principal uses. It was drained in the 1930s as part of a government relief project; 2,100 men widened and dredged the lake bed and created two islands using only hand tools and horse-drawn wagons.[Riddell, W. A. The Origin and Development of Wascana Centre. Regina, 1962.] During the fall and winter of 2003–2004, Wascana Lake was again drained and dredged to deepen it while adding a new island, a promenade area beside Albert Street Bridge, water fountains, and a waterfall to help aerate the lake.[Dagmar Skamlová, "Big Dig," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] Downstream from Wascana Lake in the northwest quadrant of the city Wascana Creek has a second weir with a smaller reservoir in A.E. Wilson Park.
Bedroom communities
South shore of Mission Lake to the east of Fort Qu\'Appelle, a summer resort of Reginans from the 1880s onwards, though here a photo of one of the infamous
Indian Residential Schools.From its first founding, particularly once motorcars were common, Reginans have repaired to the nearby
Qu\'Appelle Valley on weekends, for summer and winter holidays and indeed as a place to live permanently and commute from. Since the
1940s, many of the towns near Regina have steadily lost population
[Mark Partridge, "The Ebb and Flow of Rural Growth: Spread, Backwash, or Stagnation." Presentation for the Department of Rural Development, Regina, Saskatchewan June 9, 2005.] as western Canada\'s agrarian economy re-organised itself from small family farm landholdings of a quarter-section (160 acres, the original standard land grant to homesteaders
["Dominion Lands Act/Homestead Act," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.]) to the multi-section (a "section" being one square mile) landholdings that are increasingly necessary for economic viability.
["Farming," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.] Some of these towns have enjoyed somewhat of a renaissance as a result of the excellent roads that for many decades seemed likely to doom them; they—and to some extent the nearby city of
Moose Jaw — are now undergoing a mild resurgence as commuter satellites for Regina.
[neutrality disputed] Qu\'Appelle, at one time intended to be the metropole for the original District of Assiniboia in the North-West Territories (as they then were), enjoyed a temporary reprieve from its inexorable decline during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s when Regina cottagers passed through en route to the Qu\'Appelle Valley; Highway 10, which bypassed Qu\'Appelle, running directly from Balgonie to Fort Qu\'Appelle off Highway Number 1, quickly ended this brief holiday
["Qu\'Appelle," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.];
Fort Qu\'Appelle and its neighbouring resort villages on the
Fishing Lakes remain a summer vacation venue of choice
["Fort Qu\'Appelle," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.];
Indian Head is far enough from Regina to have an autonomous identity but close enough that its charm and vitality attract commuters — it "has a range of professional services and tradespeople, financial institutions, and a large number of retail establishments."
["Indian Head," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.] White City["White City," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.] and
Emerald Park["White City," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.] are quasi-suburbs of Regina, as have become
Balgonie,
["Balgonie," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.] Pense, Grand Coulee,
Pilot Butte["Pilot Butte," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.] and
Lumsden in the Qu\'Appelle Valley, some ten miles (16 km) to the north of Regina.
["Lumsden," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.],
Regina Beach — situated on
Last Mountain Lake (known locally as Long Lake) and a 30-minute drive from Regina — has been a summer favourite of Reginans from its first establishment and since the 1970s has also become a commuter satellite
["Regina Beach" The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.];
Rouleau (also known as the town of Dog River in the television sitcom
Corner Gas) is 45 km (28 miles) southwest of Regina and in the summer months "bustles with film crews."
["Rouleau," The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 July 2007.]
Sports
Mosaic Stadium at Taylor FieldSports teams in Regina include the
Regina Pats of the
Western Hockey League, the
Regina Thunder of the
Canadian Junior Football League, the
Prairie Fire of the
Rugby Canada Super League, the
Regina Red Sox of the
Western Major Baseball League, the University of Regina\'s
Regina Cougars,
Regina Rams of the
CIS, and the
Saskatchewan Roughriders of the
CFL.
The Saskatchewan Roughriders, formed in 1910 as the Regina Rugby Club and renamed the Regina Roughriders in 1924 and the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1950[Daria Coneghan, "Saskatchewan Roughriders, Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 17 December 2007.] are a community-owned professional sports team. The Riders have a strong and loyal fan support base. Out-of-town season ticket holders often travel 300 to 400 kilometres (200–250 mi) or more to attend home games[[2]].
Regina\'s curling teams have distinguished the city for many decades. Richardson Crescent commemorates the Richardson curling team of the 1950s; in recent years Olympic Gold medal winner Sandra Schmirler and her rink occasioned vast civic pride. North-east of the city lies Kings Park Speedway, a ⅓-mile paved oval used for stock car racing since the late 1960\'s. Regina hosted the Western Canada summer Games in 1975 and again in 1987, as well as being the host city for the 2005 Canada Summer Games.
Anaheim Ducks, Ryan Getzlaf and Chris Kuntiz were born there
Visitor attractions
Main article: Visitor attractions in Regina
The Kramer Imax Theatre located at the Saskatchewan Science CentreRegina is a travel destination for residents of southeastern Saskatchewan and the immediately adjacent regions of the neighbouring US States of North Dakota and Montana, and an intermediate stopping point for travellers on the Trans-Canada Highway. Attractions for visitors in Regina include the
Royal Saskatchewan Museum (a museum of natural history); the Saskatchewan Science Centre, housed in the 1914 Powerhouse on east Wascana Lake;
[Scott Langen, "Saskatchewan Science Centre," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery
[Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery website Retrieved 26 December 2007.] and numerous smaller galleries and museums; the
Saskatchewan Legislative Building;
Holy Rosary Cathedral; the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
national training centre and the
museum;
Government House;
Casino Regina, the
Globe Theatre; events held at
Taylor Field sports stadium and the
Saskatchewan Centre of the Arts; Ipsco Place (formerly Regina Exhibition Park), the venue for the annual Buffalo Days Exhibition summer agricultural fair every August, and the Canadian Western Agribition,
[Canadian Western Agribition website Retrieved 26 December 2007.] a winter agricultural show and marketplace. The former large-scale Children\'s Day Parade and Travellers\' Day Parade during Fair Week. which were substantially supported by the
Masons and
Shriners, appear largely to have been abandoned.
Local news media
Main article: Media of Regina, Saskatchewan
Education
University of Regina
Main article: University of Regina
New Wascana Campus of the University of Regina seen from the Saskatchewan Science Centre across Wascana LakeIn the years prior to the establishment of the
University of Saskatchewan, there was continued debate as to which Saskatchewan city would be awarded the provincial university: ultimately Saskatoon won out over Regina and in immediate reaction the
Methodist Church of Canada established Regina College in 1911. Regina College was initially a denominational high school and junior college affiliated with the University of Saskatchewan — the later-established Campion and Luther Colleges, operated by the
Roman Catholic Jesuit Order and
Lutheran Church respectively, operated on the same basis. The
Church of England concurrently established St Chad\'s College, an Anglican theological training facility, and the Qu\'Appelle Diocesan School on the Anglican diocesan property immediately to the east of Regina College on College Avenue. All were ultimately tertiary institutions.
Ultimately, the financially hard-pressed United Church of Canada (the successor to the Methodist Church), which in any case had ideological difficulties with the concept of fee-paying private schooling given its longstanding espousal of universal free education from the time of its founding father Egerton Ryerson, could no longer maintain Regina College during the Great Depression of the 1930s, and Regina College was disaffiliated from the Church and surrendered to the University of Saskatchewan; it became the Regina Campus of the University of Saskatchewan in 1961. After a protracted contretemps over the siting of several faculties in Saskatoon which had been promised to the Regina campus, Regina Campus sought and obtained a separate charter as the University of Regina in 1974.
Campion College and Luther College now have federated college status in the University of Regina, as does the First Nations University of Canada;[*First Nations University of Canada. Retrieved 17 July 2007.] St Chad\'s ultimately consolidated with Emmanuel College on the then-Saskatoon campus of the University of Saskatchewan. The Regina Research Park is located immediately adjacent to the main campus and many of its initiatives in information technology, petroleum and environmental sciences are conducted in conjunction with university departments. A member in the research park is Canada\'s Petroleum Technology Research facility, a world leader in oil recovery and geological storage of CO2.
Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology
Wascana campus of SIAST.
Main article: Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology
The Wascana campus[Its Regina presence a merger of the former Wascana Institute of Applied Arts and Sciences and Regina Plains Community College: Lorne Sparling, "Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology (SIAST)," Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 11 December 2007.] of this province-wide polytechnical institute is adjacent to the University of Regina. It occupies the former Plains Health Centre, previously a third hospital in Regina which in the course of rationalizing health services in Saskatchewan was in due course closed. It offers diplomas in some 175 trade and semi-professional fields ranging from accountancy and auto-mechanical technician through corrections worker, dental hygiene, driving instructor, nursing and school secretarial qualifications.[SIAST website retrieved 19 October 2007.]
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy, Depot Division
Main article: RCMP Academy, Depot Division
The RCMP ChapelThe
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy, "Depot" Division, is on the western perimeter of the city. As capital of the North-West Territories, Regina was the headquarters of the Royal North-West Mounted Police (the RCMP\'s predecessor) before "the Force" became a national body with its headquarters in
Ottawa in 1920. The city takes great pride in this national institution which is a major visitor attraction and a continuing link with Regina\'s past as the headquarters of the Force. The "Depot" Division chapel (the oldest building still standing in the city) is a major visitor attraction in Regina. The first phase of a
RCMP Heritage Centre opened in May 2007.
Public, separate and private schools
Main article: Public, separate and private schools in Regina, Saskatchewan
The Regina Public School Board operates some 50 elementary schools and 10 high schools with approximately 21,000 students enrolled throughout the city. The publicly-funded Roman Catholic Separate School Board operates 25 elementary schools and four high schools, and has a current enrollment of approximately 10,000 students. Public and separate schools are amply equipped with state-of-the-art science labs, gymnasia and drama and arts facilities: already by the 1960s Regina high schools had television studios, swimming pools, ice rinks and state-of-the-art drama facilities.
A small number of parents choose to opt out of the public and separate school systems for home-schooling under the guidance of Regina Public School Board. Private schools in Regina include Luther College, operated by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Regina Huda school for Islamic education; Harvest City Church and Christian Academy (occupying the former Sister Marion McGuigan High School site); the Western Christian College and High School operated by the Churches of Christ, using premises vacated by the former Canadian Bible College; and the Regina Christian School, in the former Campion College premises.
Transportation
Streetcar on
Albert Street Bridge circa 1935;
Provincial Legislative Building across lake.
The city\'s public transit agency,
Regina Transit, operates a fleet of 110 buses, on 16 routes, 7 days a week with access to the city centre from most areas of the city. A massive fire at the streetcar barns, on
January 23,
1949, destroyed much of the rolling stock of streetcars and trolley buses
[http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/regina/north/fire_dept.html] and helped to propel Regina\'s diesel bus revolution in 1951. Because of the 1949 fire, original Regina streetcar rolling stock was rare, though through later years a few disused streetcars remained in evidence — a streetcar with takeaway food, for example, on the site of the Regina Theatre at 12th Avenue and Hamilton Street, until the
Hudson\'s Bay Company acquired the site and built its 60s-through-90s department store there, and for many years another in the Scarth Street Mall.
[citation needed]
Passengers boarding a train at Union Station in Regina, circa 1915 when trains were the principal means of transportation to and from ReginaThe CPR no longer operates regular passenger services, though in the past railway passenger trains constituted the principal mode of inter-urban transit between Western Canadian cities. Its former station in downtown Regina — once the urban hub — has become a
casino (see below). Nowadays Regina can be reached by several highways including the
Trans-Canada Highway from the west and east sides and four provincial highways from other directions. The city is served by
Ring Road, a high speed connection between Regina\'s east and northwest that loops around the city\'s east side (the west side of the loop is formed by Lewvan Drive) with plans calling for another perimeter highway to encircle the city farther out.
[Feature: East Regina TCH. Saskatchewan Highways. Retrieved on 2006-09-21.]
Regina International Airport is situated on the west side of the city and is the oldest established commercial airport in Canada.[Coneghan.] The current, continuingly expanded, 1960 terminal replaces the original 1940 Art Deco terminal; it has recently undergone further major upgrades and expansions to allow it to handle increases in traffic for the next several years.
Infrastructure
Domestic water, originally obtained from Wascana Lake and later the Boggy Creek reservoir north of the city and supplemented by wells, is supplied from Buffalo Pound Lake in the Qu\'Appelle Valley, a natural reservoir on the Qu\'Appelle River, since 1967 with water diverted into it from Diefenbaker Lake behind the Gardiner Dam on the South Saskatchewan River.[World Lakes Database: Buffalo Pound Lake. Retrieved 8 December 2007.] Electricity is provided by SaskPower, a provincial Crown corporation which maintains a province-wide grid with power generated from coal-fired base load, natural gas-fired, hydroelectric and wind power facilities. Medical services are provided through two city hospitals, Regina General and Pasqua (formerly Grey Nuns) — a third city hospital, Plains Health Centre, has been converted to the Wascana campus of SIAST — and by private medical practitioners.
Sister city
See also
Notes and references
Further reading
- "Germantown" 11th Avenue East. Regina’s Heritage Tours, City of Regina, 1994.
- Argan, William. Cornerstones 2: An Artist’s History of the City of Regina. Regina: Centax Books, 2000.
- Argan, William. Cornerstones: An Artist’s History of the City of Regina. Regina: Centax Books, 1995.
- Barnhart, Gordon. Building for the Future: A Photo Journal of Saskatchewan\'s Legislative Building. Canadian Plains Research Center, 2002. ISBN 0-88977-145-6
- Brennan, J. William. Regina, an illustrated history. Toronto: James Lorimer & Co., 1989.
- Brennan, William J., ed. Regina Before Yesterday: A Visual History 1882 to 1945. City of Regina, 1978.
- Castles of the North: Canada’s Grand Hotels. Toronto: Lynx Images Inc., 2001.
- Chapel Royal Canadian Mounted Police "Training Academy", Regina, Saskatchewan (brochure), 1990.
- Drake, Earl G. Regina, the Queen City. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1955.
- Hughes, Bob The Big Dig: the Miracle of Wascana Centre. Regina: Centax Books, 2004.
- Neal, May. Regina, Queen City of the Plains: 50 Years of Progress. Regina: Western * Printers. 1953.
- Regina Court House Official Opening (brochure), 1961.
- Regina Leader-Post
- Riddell, W. A. The Origin and Development of Wascana Centre. Regina, 1962.
- The Morning Leader
External links
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Jinan, (Shandong, China)As designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
